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(incite)

Drunk on Ethanol

Our=20 addiction to corn-derived alcohol is not only costing us a lot of = money,=20 it's also wiping out fish and wildlife habitat, and polluting our = air,=20 soil, and water.

By Ted Williams

The answer is the American public.

The question was: Who would spend 10 cents to 20 cents more per = gallon=20 for gasoline that reduces mileage, degrades your car, destroys = fish and=20 wildlife, increases air pollution, and makes the United States = more=20 dependent on foreign oil?

With its 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act, Congress tried a = revolutionary strategy: regulating not just how gasoline was = burned in=20 motor vehicles but how it was made. The idea was to require the = use of=20 gasoline with at least 2 percent oxygen-containing chemicals = (oxygenates)=20 in areas where clean-air standards weren't being met. This way = more carbon=20 monoxide, toxic hydrocarbons, and smog-producing volatile organic=20 compounds would get burned up.

Senator Bob Dole (R-KS), Senator Tom Daschle (D-SD), and other=20 politicians from the Corn Belt who had pushed this = "reformulated-gasoline=20 program" were ecstatic. The amendments created a new future for = the=20 corn-produced oxygenate ethanol (a.k.a. "white lightning" or grain = alcohol), which hadn't found a decent market for anything save = drinking=20 despite $5 billion in federal subsidies. With the mandated use of=20 "gasohol" (one part ethanol, nine parts gasoline), the moribund = ethanol=20 industry would spring heel-clicking from its wheelchair.

Agribusiness would prosper. And America would get cleaner air = and=20 homegrown energy. It was going to be a win-win-win-win.

Fourteen years later there are 78 ethanol plants in 19 states. = More=20 than half are being expanded, and scores of new ones will soon = come=20 online. Fully 10 percent of all corn grown in the United States = goes into=20 ethanol. And Senator Daschle, Representative Dennis Hastert = (R-IL), and=20 President George W. Bush have been trying to legislate a mandate = requiring=20 states to increase the amount of ethanol used in reformulated = gasoline=20 from about 3 billion gallons to 5 billion gallons by 2012.

But the reformulated-gasoline program has turned out to be a = colossal=20 failure, and the ethanol industry has transmogrified into a = sacrosanct,=20 pork-swilling behemoth that gets bigger and hungrier with each = feeding.=20 Ethanol dirties the air more than it cleans it. Its production = requires=20 vast plantings of corn, which wipe out fish and wildlife by = destroying=20 habitat and polluting air, soil, and water. Of all crops grown in = the=20 United States, corn demands the most massive fixes of herbicides,=20 insecticides, and chemical fertilizers, while creating the most = soil=20 erosion.

To the chagrin of Corn Belt politicians, there = was=20 nothing in the 1990 amendments that says the oxygenate used in = gasoline=20 must be ethanol. There is another polluting oxygenate, derived = from=20 natural gas, which we also don't need. It's called methyl tertiary = butyl=20 ether, or MTBE. In noncompliant states outside the Corn Belt=97or = even in=20 compliant states that wanted to be excused from other clean-air=20 investments mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency = (EPA)=97MTBE=20 became the oxygenate of choice. These states would have used = ethanol had=20 it not been so difficult and expensive to import. Ethanol = separates from=20 gasoline when it encounters moisture in pipes and storage tanks; = so unlike=20 gasoline oxygenated with MTBE, gasohol cannot pass through = existing=20 pipelines. Instead, ethanol=97which costs three and a half times = as much as=20 gasoline to produce and yields 20 percent less energy=97must be = shipped=20 separately and mixed on-site. And because ethanol evaporates so = rapidly,=20 it can be added only to a special and expensive "blendstock" of = gasoline.=20 Some coastal states might import foreign ethanol if U.S. ethanol = weren't=20 protected by a 54-cent-per-gallon foreign-trade tariff.

MTBE comes with a different set of liabilities. For one thing, = if you=20 drink it, you'll suffer lots more than a hangover. While it's by = no means=20 the most toxic of fossil fuel derivatives, it's among the worst = smelling=20 and tasting, and it penetrates farther and hangs around longer = than most=20 any other. Still, by marketing MTBE, the oil and gas industry = performed an=20 important public service. MTBE's vile taste and odor in tap water = alerted=20 the nation to the deplorable, porous condition of underground = gasoline=20 storage tanks, which were leaking into aquifers. To hear Corn Belt = politicians and ethanol manufacturers talk, you'd think their = single=20 overriding concern is safe drinking water for California, the = Northeast,=20 and other places where MTBE gets mixed with gasoline. "MTBE has=20 contaminated groundwater in 43 states and is considered by public = health=20 experts to present a risk of cancer in humans," proclaims Senator = Daschle.=20 "It is estimated that there are at least 150,000 MTBE-contaminated = sites=20 nationwide." But America doesn't have an MTBE problem so much as = it has a=20 leaky-gas-tank problem. And since the MTBE panic of the late = 1990s, there=20 has been progress in fixing the tanks.

"Abusing our=20 precious croplands to grow corn for an energy-inefficient = process that=20 yields low-grade automobile fuel amounts to unsustainable, = subsidized=20 food burning."

With the enthusiastic help of the ethanol lobby=97most notably = the=20 Renewable Fuels Association=9717 states have banned MTBE. Most are = in the=20 Corn Belt and never would have used it anyway, but there were = three major=20 exceptions: California, New York, and Connecticut. MTBE bans in = these=20 states have created a de facto ethanol mandate.

Such a mandate is anathema to politicians from MTBE-producing = states.=20 To hear them talk, you'd think their single overriding concern is = saving=20 Americans from high gasoline prices and dirty air. In 2002 some = ethanol=20 plants were found to be emitting 10 to 12 times more pollutants = than=20 anyone realized. "These plants were slapped together really fast," = declares Frank Maisano, a lobbyist for the MTBE industry. "They're = loud;=20 they smell. A million people live around Gopher State Ethanol, = near St.=20 Paul, Minnesota, and they absolutely despise it."

Among the most ardent champions of low gasoline prices and = clean air=20 (if only when it is threatened by ethanol) are House Majority = Leader Tom=20 DeLay (R-TX) and Joe Barton (R-TX), chairman of the House Energy=20 Committee. However, their main priority for last session's energy = bill was=20 liability relief for manufacturers of MTBE in cases where it had = polluted=20 groundwater=97a provision that would have voided some 200 lawsuits = in 12=20 states. "If the price of the energy bill is no safe harbor [for = MTBE],=20 then there won't be a bill," vowed Barton, and he was right.

Daschle and other Corn Belt legislators strongly disapprove of = such=20 relief for ethanol's competitor. They also strongly disapprove of = the=20 waivers from the oxygenate requirement being sought by California, = New=20 York, and Connecticut. This despite overwhelming scientific = evidence from=20 such respected sources as the National Academy of Sciences that = modern=20 blends of gasoline without ethanol or MTBE burn more cleanly than = the=20 reformulated gasoline now required in nonattainment areas.

"The bottom line is that both the motor vehicle industry and = the=20 refining industry have evolved since the early 1990s, when these=20 requirements went into effect," remarks Frank O'Donnell, director = of the=20 Clean Air Trust, an air-quality-defense group put together nine = years ago=20 by former U.S. senators Edmund Muskie of Maine and Robert Stafford = of=20 Vermont. "Oxygenates aren't necessary anymore. Modern cars have = oxygen=20 sensors that adjust the air-to-fuel ratio, which is one of the = things that=20 oxygenates were supposed to do. And we have better fuels."

So does this mean an end to the federal oxygenate=20 requirement? No way. The ethanol industry is far too = powerful to=20 allow such a thing. Basically, it gets whatever it demands, no = matter=20 who's occupying the White House. When California and the = northeastern=20 states asked President Bill Clinton for the same waivers they now = seek=20 from President Bush, Clinton refused. He didn't want to risk = offending the=20 swing state of Iowa, which went to Al Gore by one percent. Bush is = worried=20 about Iowa, too.

Some Corn Belt politicians are refreshingly candid about why = the=20 wasteful, obsolete oxygenate requirement needs to stay in place. = "I once=20 asked Governor Tom Vilsack of Iowa at a news conference why = Californians=20 and northeasterners should be forced to put ethanol in their = gasoline when=20 the science clearly shows it has no environmental benefits," = recalls Paul=20 Rogers of the San Jose Mercury News. "Because it helps = farmers from=20 my state expand their markets, he explained. 'So I guess you'd = support a=20 new federal law to require everybody in Des Moines to buy a = computer, to=20 help people in Silicon Valley expand their markets?' I asked. He = didn't=20 concur."

In addition to showing that there are "no environmental = benefits" to=20 ethanol, science clearly shows that there are enormous = environmental=20 costs. For example, the general use of ethanol significantly = increases air=20 pollution. Ethanol evaporates faster than gasoline. So while = gasoline=20 reformulated with ethanol may release less carbon monoxide, it = releases=20 more volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen = oxides.

"Adding ethanol to our fuel supply causes air pollution," says = Peter=20 Iwanowicz, director of the American Lung Association of New York = State.=20 "You have more vapor emissions when you're refueling and when your = car is=20 sitting in a parking lot on a hot summer day. And ethanol can = degrade=20 systems in cars, so you'll get more leaks. You don't need ethanol = or MTBE=20 in gasoline to make it burn cleaner, but we didn't focus on the = oxygenate=20 issue. Instead, the ethanol crowd went around trying to get MTBE = banned,=20 and we just ran this nasty chemical out of town. We could have had = both=20 healthy air and clean drinking water."

The fact that Frank Maisano represents the MTBE industry = doesn't mean=20 he hasn't got it exactly right when he observes that ethanol = plants=20 themselves are major sources of air pollution. For example, in = April 2003=20 Archer Daniels Midland, the agribusiness giant that controls about = 60=20 percent of the ethanol market, settled an enforcement case with = the EPA,=20 agreeing to put in $340 million worth of pollution controls at 52 = plants=20 in 16 states; spend $6.3 million for retrofitting diesel engines = in school=20 buses; and pay a $4.6 million civil penalty. And in October 2002 = the EPA=20 settled with 12 ethanol plants in Minnesota, hitting them with = civil=20 penalties ranging from $29,000 to $39,000 each, and requiring that = each=20 spend about $2 million cutting back on emissions of nitrogen = oxides,=20 carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulates, and = other=20 hazardous pollutants.

MTBE pollutes ground and surface water, but so does ethanol. = With each=20 gallon of ethanol you get 12 gallons of sewagelike effluent = produced by=20 the fermentation/distillation process. Then there's the question = of how=20 "sustainable" and "renewable" corn really is. "To really answer = that,"=20 prairie advocate Cindy Hildebrand of Ames, Iowa, told me, "one has = to=20 consider how much soil is washing into the creeks, how much = nitrogen is=20 swirling down to the Gulf [of Mexico], how much formerly unbroken = prairie=20 is being broken as the subsidized Corn Belt grows westward, how = much=20 atrazine and Lorsban and other pesticides pelt down upon the land = each=20 year."

I took her advice, learning that soil is being lost from corn=20 plantations about 12 times faster than it is being rebuilt, and = that=20 meeting the fuel requirements of just one year's worth of U.S. = population=20 growth with straight ethanol (assuming each baby lived 70 years), = would=20 cost: 52,000 tons of insecticides, 735,000 tons of herbicides, 93 = million=20 tons of fertilizer, and the loss of 2 inches of soil from the 12.3 = billion=20 acres on which the corn was grown.

After all the soil, nitrogen, and pesticides reach the Gulf, = they help=20 create a poisoned, deoxygenated, algae-clogged, bacteria-infested = "dead=20 zone" that's lethal to fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and virtually = all gill=20 breathers. In some years, depending on water conditions and spring = and=20 summer heat, the dead zone can be bigger than the state of = Massachusetts.=20 The U.S. Geological Survey reports that more than half of the 1.6 = million=20 metric tons of nitrogen that enters the Gulf comes from = fertilizer.=20 According to a research team funded by the National Oceanic and=20 Atmospheric Administration, a 30 percent reduction in nutrient = loadings=20 over five years could shrink the dead zone by 20 percent to 60 = percent.=20 Yet in the face of this finding, the states and the feds are = encouraging=20 the increased production of unneeded corn.

One-tenth of all corn grown in the United States is = used to=20 produce ethanol.

Photography by Richard = Hamilton=20 Smith

Wetlands=97the most productive fish and wildlife habitat there = is=97consume=20 nitrogen and filter out pesticides and sediments, but wetlands are = being=20 drained in order to produce surplus corn. The Corn Belt has lost = about 70=20 percent of its wetlands. In some areas, such as Nebraska, corn has = to be=20 irrigated by pumps that suck water from the ground faster than it=20 percolates back in. Moreover, the pumps are powered by natural = gas, the=20 frenzied production of which is creating horrendous problems for = fish,=20 wildlife, and livestock (see "The = Mad Gas=20 Rush," March 2004).

According to=20 President Bush's own Department of Energy, the national mandate = sought=20 by the administration to ramp up ethanol production to 5 billion = gallons=20 a year by 2012 could increase the cost of gasoline by 10 cents = per=20 gallon.

But ethanol's cost to Americans goes beyond the loss of fish = and=20 wildlife, beyond compromised air, water, and soil. The approach = has been:=20 Don't invest to make ethanol more affordable; pour corporate = welfare into=20 ethanol producers to make unoxygenated, cleaner-burning gasoline = less=20 affordable. For instance, gasohol gets a per-gallon tax break of = 5.4 cents=20 from the 18.4-cent federal gasoline excise tax. And companies that = blend=20 ethanol get federal tax reductions. Some Corn Belt states make = direct=20 payments. For example, Minnesota awards ethanol manufacturers a=20 20-cent-per-gallon "producer incentive," by which strategy it = boosted the=20 state's annual ethanol output from 1 million gallons in 1987 to = 380=20 million gallons today.

In 2001 South Dakota handed out $3.1 million to ethanol plants = in just=20 three towns. Nebraska is equally generous. For each gallon of = ethanol=20 produced, taxpayers pay about 60 cents in federal subsidies and 20 = cents=20 in state subsidies. And on top of this the Farm Security and Rural = Investment Act of 2002 provided corn growers with $26 billion in = direct=20 subsidies over six years.

The main recipients of all this state and federal loot aren't = family=20 farmers but bloated agribusiness corporations. For example, the = nation's=20 biggest ethanol producer, Archer Daniels Midland, has received at = least=20 $10 billion in subsidies since 1980. ("We have to have tax = incentives . .=20 . to make that [ethanol] program work," it explains.) According to = one=20 estimate=97by financial analyst James Bovard of the Cato = Institute=97every=20 dollar in profits earned by ADM costs taxpayers $30.

ADM oils the pork conveyor belt by contributing lavishly to = whatever=20 party is in power or looks as if it might be coming into power. = Since=20 1988, ADM, its subsidiaries, and the family of ADM's former = chairman,=20 Dwayne Andreas, have given about $2 million in soft-money = contributions to=20 Republicans and about $1.1 million to Democrats. The strategy gets = results. In 1994, a few days after Andreas cut a $100,000 check at = a=20 presidential fund-raiser, President Bill Clinton tried to push = through a=20 rule requiring that about 10 percent of all gasoline contain = ethanol,=20 explaining that the mandate would create "thousands of new jobs" = and be=20 "good for our environment, our public health, and our nation's = farmers."=20 Two years later ADM pled guilty to price-fixing for nonethanol = products=20 and paid a fine of almost $100 million. Nonetheless, both = political=20 parties continued to accept ADM donations.

The Bush administration perpetuates this kind of corporate = welfare, but=20 it is no worse in this regard than any administration since = Richard=20 Nixon's, when the Soviet grain deal and bad weather in the Corn = Belt=20 caused a spike in domestic food prices. The ensuing political heat = induced=20 Nixon to initiate direct payments to farmers and urge them, in the = words=20 of his Secretary of Agriculture, Earl Butz, to plant "fencerow to=20 fencerow." Thus did four decades of farm policy designed to = discourage=20 overproduction evaporate like gasohol on hot asphalt.

The Arab-oil embargo and the resulting energy panic spawned the = Energy=20 Tax Act of 1978, which subsidized the cost of adding ethanol to = gasoline.=20 But when corn prices soared in the mid-1980s, ethanol fell into = disfavor=20 among gasoline producers. In 1986 the U.S. Department of = Agriculture=20 (USDA) made perhaps its most honest and perceptive assessment of = the=20 ethanol industry: that it could not survive without more "massive=20 government subsidies." It got them.

If you're talking to an ethanol fan and the=20 conversation starts to drag, bring up the name of David Pimentel, = the=20 Cornell University agricultural scientist and former Audubon board = member=20 who has exhaustively studied the economics, efficiency, and = alleged=20 environmental benefits of ethanol, and who chaired a U.S. = Department of=20 Energy panel that investigated these same issues. After you've = heard all=20 the expletives you'll get a list of researchers who have divined = that=20 ethanol is really an elixir for clean air and energy = self-sufficiency (see=20 Letters to the Editor, next issue).

In his latest project, Pimentel calculated the real energy = costs of=20 raising corn, including the enormous amounts of fossil fuel = required to=20 power irrigation pumps, run planting and harvesting machinery, = cook the=20 corn in the fermentation/distillation process, and make the fossil = fuel-based nitrogen fertilizer that agribusiness is hooked on. = Without=20 even factoring in the fuel that's required to ship ethanol to = blending=20 sites, Pimentel found that it takes about 29 percent more energy = to=20 produce ethanol than you get from burning it.

Then, figuring in state and federal subsidies, Pimentel found = that=20 ethanol costs $2.24 a gallon to produce, compared with 63 cents = for=20 gasoline. Other costs of allocating corn to ethanol production, = reports=20 Pimentel, include higher food prices, because about 70 percent of = the corn=20 grown in the United States is fed to cattle. "Increasing the cost = of food=20 and diverting human food resources to the costly, inefficient = production=20 of ethanol fuel raise major ethical questions," Pimentel writes. = "These=20 occur at a time when more than half of the world's population is=20 malnourished. The ethical priority for corn and other food crops = should be=20 for food and feed. Abusing our precious croplands to grow corn for = an=20 energy-inefficient process that yields low-grade automobile fuel = amounts=20 to unsustainable, subsidized food burning."

I asked Pimentel how he would respond to the researchers=97such = as the=20 ones employed by the ethanol-promoting USDA=97who say he's got it = all wrong=20 and that ethanol is really economical and efficient, and a ticket = out of=20 foreign-oil dependency. He told me he had "gotten on" the USDA for = ignoring or not fully taking into account energy values for such = things as=20 the operation and repair of farm machinery, and for the fossil = fuel-based=20 fertilizers required for corn production. And he has chided the = agency for=20 taking planting and yield data only from the states with the best = soils=20 and productivity. Thus does the ethanol lobby cook the books. "If = I did=20 everything they did, I think I could get my figures to be = positive, too,"=20 says Pimentel.

But maybe the most convincing statement about the economics of = ethanol=20 comes not from any scientist but from the stock market, which = clearly=20 perceives that what is really being protected by this allegedly = efficient,=20 cost-effective, homegrown, salubrious oxygenate is the high price = of=20 gasoline. On April 1 Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham declared = that the=20 EPA was considering granting the oxygenate-requirement waivers = long sought=20 by California, New York, and Connecticut. The EPA quickly = announced that=20 no decision was imminent, but within minutes of Abraham's comment, = gasoline futures fell almost six cents a gallon.

Ted Williams's Appalachain ancestors made ethanol, although = not for=20 cars and not legally.

=A9 2004 National Audubon Society=20

Sound off! Send a letter to the=20 editor about this piece.=20

Enjoy Audubon on-line? Check out our = print edition!

3DHOME=20

Urge=20 your state and federal legislators not to support corporate = welfare=20 for the ethanol=20 = industry.